Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Airbag and Belt Tensioner Wire Repair Information
Note
Observe general notes for repairs on the vehicle electrical
system. Refer to
→ Chapter „Vehicle Electrical System, General Repair
Information“.
In addition to the general repairs on wiring harnesses, th ...
Battery with Visual Indicator, Checking
WARNING
Risk of injury. Follow all Warnings and Safety
Precautions. Refer to
→ Chapter „Warnings and Safety Precautions“.
Perform Battery Checks in the Follo ...
Information stickers and plates
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warningsSafety certificates, stickers and plates showing important
vehicle operation information are factory-fitted in the engine compartment and on
certain parts such as the tank flap, front passenger sun visor, the driver door
...
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Pressure and Boiling Point