Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Refrigerant Circuit Pipes and Hoses
Caution
Non-approved tools or materials such as leak sealing
additives can cause damage or malfunctions in the
system.
Only use tools and materials approved by the
manufactu ...
Notes on tow-starting
First read and observe the introductory
information and safety warnings
Vehicles should not be tow-started wherever possible. Use jump leads
to start the engine instead .
For technical reasons, the following vehicles cannot be
tow-started:
Vehicles with an automatic gearbox.
If ...
Battery with Visual Indicator, Standard
This is a maintenance-free battery with liquid electrolyte
(wet battery).
WARNING
Do not check or charge batteries that have a visual
indicator that is bright yellow. Jump starting must ...
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Pressure and Boiling Point