Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Gear-change indicator
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warnings In some vehicles, the instrument cluster
will show which gear should be selected while the vehicle is in motion to reduce
fuel consumption.
Display
Meaning
The c ...
Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
→ Handling wheels and tyres
→ Rims
→ New wheels and tyres
→ Tyre pressure
→ Tread depth and wear indicators
→ Tyre damage
→ Spare wheel or temporary spare wheel
â ...
Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
→ services
→ Applications (apps)
Information on the mobile online services Car-Net and applications (apps) can
be transmitted directly to your vehicle and integrated.
Information on Car-Net services and application ...
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Pressure and Boiling Point