Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Checking the coolant level and refilling coolant
Fig. 139 In the engine compartment: mark
on the coolant expansion tank
Fig. 140 In the engine compartment: coolant
expansion tank cap
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warningsThe warning lamp for the engine coolant will light up
if the engine coolant level i ...
Rolling Resistance Tires
Tire deformation when rolling causes the vehicle to loose
energy that makes the rolling resistance noticeable.
Deformation is significantly lowered on rolling resistance
tires due to new construction and low-wear surface mixtures.
...
Brake fluid
Fig. 117 In the engine compartment: cap
on the brake fluid container
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warnings Brake fluid will gradually absorb water
from the surrounding air. The brake system will be damaged if there is too much
water in the brake fluid. T ...
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Pressure and Boiling Point