Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Overview - Rim
1 -
Rim Flange
Stop for the side tire bead
2 -
Hump (H2) on Both Bead Seats
Prevents the tire from slipping off the bead seat when driving
around tight curves
An extended hump (EH2) is requir ...
Insulating glass windscreen
Fig. 71 Metal-coated windscreen for infrared
reflection with communication window (blue area)
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warnings
Insulating glass windscreens have a coating which reflects infrared radiation.
There is a non-coated area above the interior ...
Wheel, Balancing on Stationary Balancing Machine
Before beginning balancing, the following requirements must
be fulfilled.
The tire pressure must be OK.
The tire profile must not be worn on one side. The tire
profile must be at least 4 mm.
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Pressure and Boiling Point