Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Tire Service Life, Influences
The following factors influence the service life of a tire
in varying degrees.
Driving style:
Speed
Brakes
Acceleration
Cornering
...
Factory Paint Paint Structure
Structure of a Solid-Color Paint System, Conventional
Approximately 80-120 µm thick
1 -
Steel Panel
2 -
Zinc Phosphate Coating
3 -
Electr ...
Stone Chip Protection -AKR 311 KD1 05
Definition:
Stone Chip Protection -AKR 311 KD1 05-, black
Edition 04/2009
Product Description
Stone Chip Protection -AKR 311 KD1 05- is a finely atomizing
coating material wi ...
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