Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Refrigerant Circuit with A/C Service Station, Draining
Caution
If it is suspected that chemicals were added to the
refrigerant circuit to seal leaks, do not connect the
A/C service station and do not extract the refrigerant.
...
Water Content
Only very small amounts of water are soluble in liquid
refrigerant. On the other hand, refrigerant vapor and water
vapor mix in any ratio.
Only a small drop of water may get into the refrigerant
circuit. The dryer, dryer bag or dryer car ...
Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
→ Notes on tow-starting
→ Notes on towing
→ Fitting the front towing eye
→ Rear towing eye
→ Driving tips when towing
Comply with any legal requirements when towing and tow starting.
For t ...
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Pressure and Boiling Point