Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Laws and Regulations
Note
The laws and regulations listed below are applicable in
Germany. Different or additional laws and regulations may apply
in other countries.
Addresses in other countries can be obtained from the
relevant au ...
Petrol
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warnings Petrol types
Vehicles with a petrol engine must be run on unleaded petrol in compliance with
the European standard EN 228 . Fuels with a maximum ethanol content
of 10% (E10) can be used for refuelling.
Petrol types ...
General Information
Perform a road test to determine if a vehicle pulls to one
side and if so, when and to which side. If the vehicle pulls to
one side. Refer to
→ Chapter „Corrective Action When Vehicle Pulls to One Side“.
If the vehicle ali ...
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Pressure and Boiling Point