Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
One-Part Wash Primer
Definition:
One-Part Wash Primer -LLS MAX 106 M2-, light gray
One-Part Wash Primer -LLS MAX 107 M2-, dark gray
Edition 03/2013
Product Description
The ...
Parking Aid Sensor, Painting
The following parameters must be met when painting to avoid
malfunctions in the parking aid sensor (parking aid system):
New Part, Painting
Maximum coat thickness 125 µm; the coat thickness must
always be measured ...
Checking the electrolyte level of the vehicle battery
Fig. 141 In the engine compartment: removing
the vehicle battery cover
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warningsThe electrolyte level of the vehicle battery should be
checked regularly in high-mileage vehicles, in hot countries and in older vehicle
batteries. ...
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