Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Overview - Wheel, Standard
1 -
Wheel
Installing the wheel. Refer to
→ Chapter „Wheel, Mounting“.
2 -
Wheel Bolts
There are different versions. Refer to
→ Chapter „Wheel Bolts“.
3 -&nb ...
Wear Spots
Wear spots are caused by a hard stop with locked wheels
whereby the rubber compound is abraded from the contact patch.
When the tires slide across the road surface, frictional
heat is generated which reduces the abrasion resistance on the
...
Refrigerant Circuit, Converting R12 to R134a and Servicing
Note
The laws and regulations listed below are applicable in
Germany. Different or additional laws and regulations may apply
in other countries.
Addresses in other countries can be obtained from the
relevant au ...
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Pressure and Boiling Point