Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Combined curtain and side airbags
Fig. 60 On left-hand side of vehicle:
deployment zone of the combined curtain and side airbags (variant A). On the side
of the front seat: location and deployment zone of the combined curtain and side
airbag (variant B)
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warning ...
Retrofitting a towing bracket
Fig. 92 Dimensions and attachment points
for retrofitting a towing bracket
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warnings
Volkswagen recommends having the towing bracket retrofitted by a qualified workshop.
The cooling system may need to be modified or heat shields ...
Emergency Wheels
Spare Wheel Notes
If Necessary, Explain to the Customer the Information About
Tires and Refer the Customer to the Owner's Manual.
The following notes listed also apply to spare wheels that
are marked wi ...
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