Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Checklist
The following steps should always be carried out in the specified
order before working in the engine compartment :
Park the vehicle on a level and stable surface.
Depress and hold the brake pedal until the
engine has stopped.
Apply the handbrake firmly Braking, stopping
and p ...
Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects: → Wheel cover
→ Wheel bolt caps
Additional information and warnings:
Tyre monitoring system
Cleaning and caring for the vehicle exterior
Vehicle toolkit
Changing a wheel
Breakdown set
...
Indicator lamps
Fig. 55 In the upper section of the centre
console: indicator lamp for disabled front passenger front airbag
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warnings
Lit up
Location
Possible cause
Solution
Instrument c ...
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Pressure and Boiling Point