VW Polo manuals

Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles

The four known states of water also apply to air conditioning system refrigerants.
1 -  gaseous (invisible)
2 -  vapor
3 -  fluid
4 -  solid
 

Physical Principles

When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice.
A -  Heat absorption
B -  Heat emission
 

Physical Principles

Heat Transfer

Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no further heat exchange takes place.
   
A/C Technology Basic Principles
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Pressure and Boiling Point
The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...

Other materials:

Tires, Damage from Low Tire Pressure
The most common causes of failure are small external damage, a defective valve or a leaky rim due to corrosion or damage.     Separation of Carcass and Rubber Strong heating due to driving w ...

Run-Flat Tire, General Information
Run-flat tires have a reinforced sidewall in comparison to standard tires. This reduces the tendency for the sidewall to roll when there is a loss of pressure and prevents the sides of the tire from being pinched. This allows the vehicle to be driven whi ...

Stopping the engine
First read and observe the introductory information and safety warnings  The steps should only be carried out in the specified order. 1. The vehicle must be completely stationary  . 2. Press the brake pedal. Keep ...

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