Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Product Characteristics
Refrigerants used in motor vehicle air conditioning systems
belong to the new generation of refrigerants based on
chlorine-free, partially fluorinated hydrocarbons (H-FKW,
R134a).
With regard to their physical properties, these are
...
Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
→ Indicator lamps
→ Start/stop system
→ Hill Hold Assist
Additional information and warnings:
Volkswagen information system
Braking, stopping and parking
Battery
Wh ...
Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
→ Petrol
→ Diesel
→ Autogas
Different engines require different fuels. The factory-fitted sticker on the
inside of the tank flap indicates the fuel type that is required for your particular
ve ...
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Pressure and Boiling Point