Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Refrigerant Circuit Pressures and Temperatures
WARNING
When performing work on refrigerant circuit, observe
all generally applicable safety precautions and pressure
vessel regulations.
The pressures and temperatures in ...
Safety Precautions
Safety Precautions when Painting Vehicles with Electric Drive
Caution
Risk of damaging the battery cells at too high of
drying temperatures!
Observe the maximum drying time of 30 m ...
Driving
a loaded vehicle
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warnings
For good vehicle handling when driving a loaded vehicle, please observe the following:
Stow all items of luggage securely .
Accelerate carefully and gently.
Avoid sudden braking and driving manoeuvres.
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Pressure and Boiling Point