Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Tires, Damage from Low Tire Pressure
The most common causes of failure are small external damage,
a defective valve or a leaky rim due to corrosion or damage.
Separation of Carcass and Rubber
Strong heating due to driving w ...
Run-Flat Tire, General Information
Run-flat tires have a reinforced sidewall in comparison to
standard tires. This reduces the tendency for the sidewall to
roll when there is a loss of pressure and prevents the sides of
the tire from being pinched. This allows the vehicle to be
driven whi ...
Stopping the engine
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warnings
The steps should only be carried out in the specified order.
1.
The vehicle must be completely stationary .
2.
Press the brake pedal. Keep ...
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Pressure and Boiling Point