Volkswagen Polo Service & Repair Manual: Physical Principles
| The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants. |
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| When water is heated in a vessel (heat absorption), water
vapor can be seen to rise. If the vapor is further heated
through heat absorption, the visible vapor turns into invisible
gas. The process is reversible. The warmth is extracted from
gaseous water, vapor forms first, then water and then ice. |
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Heat Transfer
| Every substance consists of a mass of moving molecules. The
fast moving molecules of a warmer substance give off some of
their energy to the cooler and thus slower molecules. As a
result, the molecular motion of the warmer substance slows down
and that of the colder substance is accelerated. This process
continues until the molecules of both substances are moving at
the same speed. They are then at the same temperature and no
further heat exchange takes place. |
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The boiling point given in tables for a liquid is always
referenced to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (14.5 psi). If
the pressure acting on a fluid changes, its boi ...
Other materials:
Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
→ Petrol
→ Diesel
→ Autogas
Different engines require different fuels. The factory-fitted sticker on the
inside of the tank flap indicates the fuel type that is required for your particular
ve ...
Emergency Wheels
Spare Wheel Notes
If Necessary, Explain to the Customer the Information About
Tires and Refer the Customer to the Owner's Manual.
The following notes listed also apply to spare wheels that
are marked wi ...
Running-in
First read and observe the introductory information
and safety warningsPlease follow the regulations concerning running-in new
parts.
Running in a new engine
Any new engine has to be run in during the first 1,500 kilometres. During its
first few hours of running, the internal friction in the ...
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Pressure and Boiling Point